LawShortcut — Irish Law Exam Notes (FE-1 & King's Inns)

01Administrative LawIn production

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02Company LawIn production

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03Constitutional Law12 modules

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Module 1€19

Interpretation & Constitutional Litigation

▸6 topics

·The six interpretive approaches

·The Preamble as an interpretive source

·Application: how to deploy interpretation in an answer

·Interpretation traps

·Gate 1: Locus standi (standing)

·Gate 2: The presumption of constitutionality

Module 2€19

The State, Sovereignty & Emergency Powers

▸6 topics

·Key case: the State is suable

·Internal and external sovereignty

·The fate of the royal prerogative

·The Article 29 framework

·International agreements: the mechanics

·Judicial review of executive foreign policy: the "clear disregar…

Module 3€19

Separation of Powers

▸6 topics

·The principles-and-policies test

·Applying the test: valid vs invalid delegation

·Legislative power vs administrative function

·Delegated legislation implementing EU law

·Explicit and implicit powers

·Limits: the executive cannot override or suspend the law

Module 4€19

The President, the AG & Amending the Constitution

▸6 topics

·Discretionary ("absolute discretion" / Council-of-State) powers

·The Article 26 reference

·Formal and representative functions

·Removal of the President

·Guardian of the public interest & relator actions

·Prosecution, and the limits of the AG's power

Module 5€19

The Oireachtas & the Courts

▸6 topics

·Composition: Dáil and Seanad

·The franchise and equal representation (Article 16)

·Parliamentary privilege (Article 15.10–15.13)

·The legislative process and Money Bills (Articles 20–24)

·Structure and hierarchy

·Minor offences and the right to trial by jury (Article 38)

Module 6€19

Fundamental Rights: Sources & Proportionality

▸6 topics

·Express rights

·The unenumerated / derived rights doctrine

·Where do derived rights come from?: the sources debate

·Selected derived rights in action

·Limitation "in the common good" and the rights of others

·The two tests: Tuohy (rationality) and Heaney (proportionality)

Module 7€19

Unenumerated Rights (Article 40.3.1°)

▸5 topics

·Foundations and scope

·Medical, personal and surveillance data

·Refusal of medical treatment & autonomy

·Foundations

·The sub-rights (case-sensitive checklist)

Module 8€19

Right to Life, Good Name & the Unborn

▸4 topics

·The scope and limits of the right

·"Protection of the person": the bridge to Module 7

·How the law got here (the constitutional timeline)

·The Eighth-Amendment jurisprudence (legal history)

Module 9€19

Personal Liberty, the Dwelling & Trial

▸6 topics

·Arrest, detention and oppressive questioning

·Bail: from a near-absolute right to a regulated one

·Habeas corpus and the limits of Article 40.4.2°

·Detention for public-health and therapeutic reasons

·What is a "dwelling"?

·Search warrants: independence and scope

Module 10€19

Equality, Expression, Assembly & Association

▸6 topics

·The human-personality doctrine: two approaches

·The proviso: justified differences (and their critics)

·Positive discrimination

·The media and journalistic source protection

·Expression vs good name and privacy (the balancing)

·Prior restraint & prisoners

Module 11€19

Property Rights & the Directive Principles

▸6 topics

·What counts as "property"?

·"Unjust attack": the case law

·Compensation and compulsory acquisition

·The dwelling: cross-reference

·Two indirect uses

·Article 45 and the socio-economic-rights debate

Module 12€19

The Family, Education & Religion

▸6 topics

·Who is protected: the marital family

·The right to marry, and protection from "unjust attack"

·Family autonomy: the State is not "a court of appeal from parent…

·Spousal equality, residence & surrogacy

·Guardianship, adoption & the unmarried father

·The scope of the education right

04Contract Law8 modules

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Module 1€19

Formation I: Agreement

▸4 topics

·Offer & acceptance

·The postal & instantaneous rules

·Certainty & completeness

·Formal & evidentiary requirements

Study module · exam-ready

Module 2€19

Formation II: Enforceability

▸4 topics

·Consideration

·Promissory estoppel

·Intention to create legal relations

·Contractual capacity

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Module 3€19

Contents of a Contract

▸4 topics

·Terms v representations

·Parol evidence rule & collateral contracts

·Construction & implied terms

·Conditions, warranties & innominate terms

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Module 4€19

Exclusion Clauses & Unfair Terms

▸4 topics

·Incorporation

·Construction & contra proferentem

·Excluding negligence & fundamental breach

·Statutory & consumer controls

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Module 5€19

Vitiating Factors I: Mistake & Misrepresentation

▸4 topics

·Common, mutual & unilateral mistake

·Non est factum

·Fraudulent, negligent & innocent misrepresentation

·Rescission & its bars

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Module 6€19

Vitiating Factors II: Duress, Undue Influence & Illegality

▸4 topics

·Duress (physical & economic)

·Undue influence (actual, presumed, third-party)

·Unconscionable bargain

·Illegal & void contracts

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Module 7€19

Discharge of a Contract

▸4 topics

·Performance & the entire-contract rule

·Discharge by agreement

·Breach & the election to terminate

·Frustration

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Module 8€19

Remedies & Third-Party Rights

▸4 topics

·Damages

·Equitable remedies

·Penalty clauses

·Privity of contract

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05Criminal Law9 modules

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Module 1Free

General Principles

▸5 topics

·Actus reus & omissions liability

·Causation

·Mens rea: intention & recklessness

·Strict liability

·Coincidence & innocent agency

Lectures 2–7 · Tutorials 1–3

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Module 2€19

Parties & Accomplices

▸4 topics

·Accessories before & at the fact

·Common design

·Withdrawal from complicity

·Concealing an arrestable offence

Lectures 8–9 · Tutorial 4

Module 3€19

Homicide

▸5 topics

·Murder

·Voluntary & involuntary manslaughter

·Dangerous & careless driving

·Infanticide

·Complicity in suicide

Lecture 10 · Tutorial 5

Module 4€19

Non-Fatal Offences

▸5 topics

·Assault, causing harm & serious harm

·Threats · syringes · poisoning

·Coercion · harassment · debt demands

·Endangerment & false imprisonment

·Child abduction

Lectures 11–13 · Tutorials 6–7

Module 5€19

Sexual Offences

▸6 topics

·Rape

·The three sexual-assault offences

·Consent

·Offences against children (2006 Act)

·Protected & relevant persons · incest

·Image-based abuse

Lecture 14 · Tutorial 7

Module 6€19

Property Offences

▸5 topics

·Theft & robbery

·Deception · making off without payment

·Burglary & aggravated burglary

·Handling stolen property

·Forgery & criminal damage

Lectures 15–17 · Tutorials 8–9

Module 7€19

Public Order Offences

▸4 topics

·Intoxication & offensive conduct

·Threatening or abusive behaviour

·Trespass with intent

·Affray · violent disorder · riot

Lecture 18 · Independent study

Module 8€19

Inchoate Offences

▸3 topics

·Incitement

·Conspiracy

·Attempt

Lectures 19–20 · Tutorial 10

Module 9€19

Defences

▸5 topics

·Self-defence · duress · necessity

·Provocation

·Insane & non-insane automatism

·Diminished responsibility

·Intoxication · infancy · mistake

Lectures 21–28 · Tutorials 11–14

06Equity & the Law of TrustsIn production

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07European Union LawIn production

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08Family Law11 modules

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Module 1€19

Introduction & Nullity

▸5 topics

·The family under the Constitution & Article 42A

·Capacity & formalities of marriage

·Void vs voidable nullity

·Void marriages: the three grounds

·Voidable marriages, bars & effects

Study module · exam-ready

Module 2€19

Separation Agreements, Judicial Separation & Divorce

▸5 topics

·Separation agreements & independent legal advice

·Judicial separation: the five grounds (s.2)

·Divorce: the constitutional grounds

·'Living apart' & no-fault

·Jurisdiction, procedure & effects

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Module 3€19

Maintenance & the Family Home

▸5 topics

·The maintenance obligation

·Non-marital children & the 2015 Act

·Assessment, conduct & bars

·Enforcement & variation

·The family home: s.3 consent & protections

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Module 4€19

Preliminary & Ancillary Relief

▸5 topics

·Maintenance pending suit & preliminary orders

·The suite of ancillary orders

·The s.16/s.20 factors

·Proper provision & the clean-break debate

·Prenups, disclosure & consent orders

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Module 5€19

Recognition of Foreign Divorces

▸5 topics

·Constitutional & historical starting point

·The domicile test & the 1986 Act

·Bars to recognition

·Brussels II ter (Reg 2019/1111)

·Relief after a foreign divorce

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Module 6€19

Child Law I: Guardianship, Custody & Access

▸5 topics

·Guardianship & the welfare principle

·The s.31 welfare checklist & Art 42A

·The voice of the child

·Custody, access & enforcement

·Relocation & non-parents

Study module · exam-ready

Module 7€19

Child Law II: Child Care, Protection & Wardship

▸5 topics

·Constitutional basis & Tusla

·Voluntary care & emergency orders

·Interim & full care orders

·Supervision & special care

·Access, termination & wardship

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Module 8€19

Adoption

▸5 topics

·The 2010/2017 framework

·Who may adopt / be adopted

·The two-stage consent process

·The natural father & consultation

·Dispensing with consent; intercountry adoption

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Module 9€19

Child Abduction

▸5 topics

·The remedy & the instruments

·Wrongful removal: habitual residence & custody rights

·Settled child; consent & acquiescence

·Grave risk & the child's objection

·Brussels II ter & common law

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Module 10€19

The Non-Marital Family & Cohabitants

▸5 topics

·The non-marital family in the Constitution

·The non-marital child

·The qualified-cohabitant gateway

·The redress orders

·Cohabitation agreements & reform pressure

Study module · exam-ready

Module 11€19

Domestic Violence

▸5 topics

·Framework, thresholds & the 2018 reforms

·Safety & protection orders

·Barring order & the property test

·Interim & emergency barring orders

·Coercive control, forced marriage & breach

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09Human Rights LawIn production

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10Irish Legal System8 modules

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Module 1€19

The Irish Legal System & the Sources of Law

▸5 topics

·The Constitution as a source

·Primary & secondary legislation

·Common law & equity

·International law & dualism

·EU law & the ECHR as sources

Study module · exam-ready

Module 2€19

The Court System, Jurisdiction & Legal Personnel

▸5 topics

·District & Circuit Courts

·High Court & Special Criminal Court

·Court of Appeal & Supreme Court

·Access to the courts

·Legal personnel & court officers

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Module 3€19

Precedent & the Doctrine of Stare Decisis

▸5 topics

·Ratio decidendi & obiter dictum

·Binding vs persuasive authority

·Vertical & horizontal stare decisis

·Distinguishing, overruling & reversing

·Per incuriam & other exceptions

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Module 4€19

Statutory Interpretation

▸5 topics

·Literal, golden & mischief rules

·Literal & purposive approaches

·Interpretation Act 2005, s 5

·Presumptions & maxims

·The exclusionary rule

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Module 5€19

The Legislative Process & Delegated Legislation

▸5 topics

·The Oireachtas & primary legislation

·How a Bill becomes an Act

·Delegated legislation

·The principles-and-policies test

·Ultra vires & the Leontjava test

Study module · exam-ready

Module 6€19

EU Law in the Irish Legal Order

▸5 topics

·EU law in the hierarchy (Art 29.4.6°)

·Sources of EU law

·Supremacy

·Direct & indirect effect

·State liability & Article 267

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Module 7€19

The ECHR in Irish Law

▸4 topics

·The Convention & the ECtHR

·Sub-constitutional status & dualism

·Interpretive obligation (s 2) & organs of State (s 3)

·Declaration of incompatibility (s 5)

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Module 8€19

Legal Reasoning, Research & Exam Method

▸5 topics

·Legal terminology & the parties

·Reading legislation & cases

·Legal research method

·The IRAC/ILAC method

·Citing Irish law & exam technique

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11JurisprudenceIn production

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12Land Law14 modules

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Module 1€19

Foundations: Tenure, Estates & the 2009 Restatement

▸5 topics

·Ownership & the bundle of rights

·Law vs equity

·Feudal tenure & its abolition

·The doctrine of estates

·The 2009 restatement of ownership

Study module · exam-ready

Module 2€19

Freehold Estates, Words of Limitation & Future Interests

▸5 topics

·The freehold framework after 2009

·Creating a fee simple & words of limitation

·Determinable vs condition subsequent

·Fee tail & fee farm grant

·Life estate, pur autre vie & waste

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Module 3€19

Landlord & Tenant I: Lease, Covenants, Determination & Forfeiture

▸5 topics

·The lease & Deasy's Act

·Classification of leases

·Creation & Walsh v Lonsdale

·Assignment, subletting & covenants

·Forfeiture & relief

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Module 4€19

Landlord & Tenant II: Statutory Rights, Ground Rents & Reversionary Leases

▸5 topics

·The 'tenement' gateway

·The business equity: a new tenancy

·Improvements & compensation

·Ground rents: buying out the fee simple

·Reversionary leases

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Module 5€19

Licences, the Family Home & Equitable Interests

▸5 topics

·Lease or licence? exclusive possession

·Licences binding third parties

·Rights of residence

·Family Home Protection Act 1976, s.3

·Resulting & constructive trusts

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Module 6€19

Freehold Covenants: Benefit, Burden & the 2009 Reform

▸5 topics

·Freehold covenants & the 2009 divide

·Running the benefit & burden

·Tulk v Moxhay in equity

·The 2009 reform: ss.48–49

·Discharge & modification

Study module · exam-ready

Module 7€19

Easements, Profits à Prendre, Party Structures & Rentcharges

▸5 topics

·The four characteristics of an easement

·Express & implied grant

·Prescription after the 2021 Act

·Profits à prendre & rentcharges

·Party structures

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Module 8€19

Trusts of Land, Powers of Appointment & Settlements

▸5 topics

·The trust of land (Part 4)

·Overreaching & purchaser protection

·Types of trust & the three certainties

·Powers of appointment

·Settlements & the strict settlement

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Module 9€19

Succession: Wills, Intestacy, the Legal Right Share & Section 117

▸5 topics

·Personal representatives

·Making & interpreting a valid will

·Intestate distribution

·The legal right share

·Provision for children: s.117

Study module · exam-ready

Module 10€19

Mortgages: Creation, Redemption, Remedies & Possession

▸5 topics

·The equity of redemption

·Creation & priorities

·Remedies & the end of foreclosure

·Possession: s.97 & the 2013 Act

·Power of sale & receivers

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Module 11€19

Judgment Mortgages & Fraudulent Dispositions

▸5 topics

·Judgment mortgages: nature & registration

·Effect & priority

·Judgment mortgages & co-ownership

·Fraudulent dispositions: s.74

·Order of attack

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Module 12€19

Co-ownership: Joint Tenancy, Tenancy in Common, Severance & Partition

▸5 topics

·Joint tenancy vs tenancy in common

·The four unities & survivorship

·When equity leans against a joint tenancy

·Severance

·Partition, sale & disputes

Study module · exam-ready

Module 13€19

Registration of Title & Registration of Deeds

▸5 topics

·Registration of title vs deeds

·Tailte Éireann & the framework

·The folio & registered ownership

·Burdens: s.69 vs s.72

·Conclusiveness & rectification

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Module 14€19

Adverse Possession: Limitation, Animus Possidendi & Extinguishment

▸5 topics

·Nature & rationale

·Factual possession & animus possidendi

·The Leigh v Jack controversy

·Adverse possession & landlord/tenant

·Extinguishment of title

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13Law of EvidenceIn production

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14Law of Tort11 modules

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Module 1€19

General Principles of Tort & the Shared Doctrines

▸5 topics

·What tort law is for

·The elements of liability: and the three liability models

·Liability for omissions (nonfeasance)

·Vicarious Liability

·Concurrent Wrongdoers

Study module · exam-ready

Module 2€19

The Tort of Negligence: Duty, Standard & Proof

▸5 topics

·The Duty of Care

·The Standard of Care (breach)

·Proving Negligence: res ipsa loquitur

·Liability of Public Bodies in Negligence

·Worked examples (LawShortcut originals)

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Module 3€19

Negligence\

▸4 topics

·The Irish test: Kelly v Hennessy's five criteria

·Immediate vs aftermath victims: and why Ireland rejects the English straitjacket

·Recognisable illness vs ordinary grief

·The policy ceiling: Fletcher and irrational fear

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Module 4€19

Product & Occupiers\

▸5 topics

·Principle: two routes

·Common-law product liability (negligence)

·Statutory route: Liability for Defective Products Act 1991

·Common-law background (why the Act exists)

·The Occupiers' Liability Act 1995 (as amended 2023)

Study module · exam-ready

Module 5€19

Employers\

▸5 topics

·Principle: the employer's personal, non-delegable duty

·The four common-law duties

·Statutory basis: Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005

·The standard of care

·Workplace stress

Study module · exam-ready

Module 6€19

Professional Negligence (Medical & Legal)

▸5 topics

·Principle: the professional standard of care

·Medical negligence: the Dunne test

·Informed consent & the duty to warn

·Liability of hospitals

·Legal professional negligence

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Module 7€19

Trespass to the Person & Trespass to Land

▸5 topics

·Battery

·Assault

·Intentional infliction of emotional suffering (the rule in Wilkinson v Downton)

·False imprisonment

·Defences to trespass to the person

Study module · exam-ready

Module 8€19

Nuisance & the Rule in Rylands v Fletcher

▸5 topics

·Private nuisance: the principle

·What is an unreasonable interference?

·The reasonableness of the plaintiff's requirements (and sensitivity)

·Locality

·Who may sue / be sued

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Module 9€19

Defamation, Privacy & Breach of Confidence

▸5 topics

·The statutory framework: and the 2026 reforms

·Defamatory meaning

·Innuendo

·Reference to the plaintiff

·Defences (Part 3, as amended 2026)

Study module · exam-ready

Module 10€19

Passing Off

▸5 topics

·The principle: the classical trinity

·Element 1: Goodwill / reputation

·Element 2: Misrepresentation

·Element 3: Damage

·Remedies

Study module · exam-ready

Module 11€19

Select & Compensatory Torts: Animals, Goods, Fire, Fatal Injuries & Procedure

▸4 topics

·Cattle trespass

·The scienter action

·The Control of Dogs Act 1986

·Animals straying onto the public road

Study module · exam-ready

Irish law, made exam-ready.